Krakatoa
Krakatoa Nur einer von 129 aktiven Vulkanen
Krakatau (auch Krakatoa) ist ein Vulkan unter dem Krakatau-Archipel in der Sundastraße zwischen den indonesischen Inseln Sumatra und Java. Der Vulkan. Krakatoa – Das größte Abenteuer des letzten Jahrhunderts ist ein US-amerikanischer Katastrophenfilm aus dem Jahr Der Film spielt vor dem Hintergrund. Der Vulkan, der die Tsunami-Katastrophe in Indonesien ausgelöst hat, entstand aus dem Krater der Vulkaninsel Krakatoa, die sich bei ihrer. Many translated example sentences containing "Krakatoa" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. elnuevomiliario.eu - Kaufen Sie Krakatoa - Das größte Abenteuer des letzten Jahrhunderts (Feuersturm über Java) - Filmjuwelen günstig ein. Qualifizierte Bestellungen. Krakatoa volcano (Indonesia): violent eruption, ash to 47, ft altitude · Lava fountains from Anak Krakatau this evening (image: MAGMA. Dezember: Der indonesische Vulkan Anak Krakatoa, dessen Ausbruch vor einer Woche einen tödlichen Tsunami auslöste, hat bei der Eruption mehr als zwei.
Summer temperatures in the northern hemisphere fell by an average of 0. Verbeek, in his report on the eruption, predicted that any new activity would manifest itself in the region which had been between Perboewatan and Danan.
This prediction came true on 29 December , when a submarine lava dome in the area of Perboewatan showed evidence of eruptions an earlier event in the same area had been reported in June A new island volcano rose above the waterline a few days later.
The eruptions were initially of pumice and ash, and that island and the two islands that followed were quickly eroded away by the sea.
Eventually, a fourth island, named Anak Krakatau meaning "child of Krakatoa" in Indonesian , broke water in August and produced lava flows more quickly than the waves could erode them.
The islands have become a major case study of island biogeography and founder populations in an ecosystem being built from the ground up in an environment virtually cleaned.
The islands had been little studied or biologically surveyed before the catastrophe—only two pre biological collections are known: one of plant specimens and the other part of a shell collection.
The pre fauna is virtually unknown, but was probably typical of the smaller islands in the area. From a biological perspective, the Krakatau problem [30] refers to the question of whether the islands were completely sterilized by the eruption or whether some indigenous life survived.
When the first researchers reached the islands in May , the only living thing they found was a spider in a crevice on the south side of Rakata.
Life quickly recolonized the islands, however; Verbeek's visit in October found grass shoots already growing. The eastern side of the island has been extensively vegetated by trees and shrubs, presumably brought there as seeds washed up by ocean currents or carried in birds' droppings or brought by natives and scientific investigators.
It is, however, in a somewhat fragile position, and the vegetated area has been badly damaged by recent eruptions. A German, Johann Handl, obtained a permit to mine pumice in October He occupied the south slope of Rakata from to , when he left due to "violation of the terms of the lease.
Handl built a house and planted a garden with "four European families and about 30 coolies ". It is his party that is believed to have inadvertently introduced the black rat to the island.
Handl found un-burned wood below the ash deposits while digging, and fresh water was found below 5. A large part of the children's novel The Twenty-One Balloons by William Pene du Bois takes place on Krakatoa, where several families have established a wealthy and fanciful colony based on fictional diamond mines on the island.
Krakatoa has been featured as a subject and a part of the story in various television and film dramas.
In the film Fair Wind to Java , an American sea captain and a pirate leader race one another to recover a fortune in diamonds hidden on Krakatoa, which begins its final eruption as they search the island for the treasure.
It was also featured as the main part of the story line in the film, Krakatoa, East of Java retitled Volcano in a re-release in the s; the title contains a rather large geographical error, as Krakatoa is west of Java , which depicts an effort to salvage a priceless cargo of pearls located perilously close to the erupting volcano.
An Indonesian martial arts action film, Krakatau , starring Dicky Zulkarnaen and Advent Bangun , also set the story on the mountain.
In more recent years, it has been the subject of a television drama, Krakatoa: Volcano of Destruction and again in as Krakatoa.
In Klaus Teuber's board game Seafarers of Catan , the "Krakatoa Variant" is a scenario involving an island composed of three volcano tiles. Written by then-guitarist John Curulewski along with Paul Beaver and Bernie Krause , the song tells the story of Krakatoa's eruption and the subsequent return of life to the island.
The British heavy metal band Saxon also released a song about the eruption of Krakatoa, called "Krakatoa", on the re-release of its album Innocence Is No Excuse.
See Krakatoa documentary and historical materials. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the volcanic island group. For other uses, see Krakatoa disambiguation.
An lithograph of the eruption of Krakatoa. Further information: eruption of Krakatoa. Main article: eruption of Krakatoa.
Main article: Anak Krakatoa. Volcanoes portal Indonesia portal. Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program. Voyageur Press. New York: Storyworks : 8.
The Independent. Archived from the original on 29 July Retrieved 22 August Retrieved 10 November Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
The Indonesia Expat. Retrieved 29 December BBC News. However, Van den Berg points out that these birds are found only in the "eastern part of the archipelago" meaning the Lesser Sundas , east of Java, on the other side of the Wallace Line.
Rakata also means "crab" in the older Javan language. This is considered [ by whom? Furneaux points out that in pre maps, Krakatoa does somewhat resemble an ant seen from above, with Lang and Verlaten lying to the sides like wings.
Retrieved 25 March The Sunda Strait was first mentioned by Arab sailors circa The Anthropogene. Archived from the original on 28 May Retrieved 23 January Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union.
Retrieved 21 June Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 18 March Retrieved 5 April Krakatau: the destruction and reassembly of an island ecosystem 1st ed.
Even so, there must have been an eruption around this time. Digital images 46— London, Retrieved 5 May Morgan January Retrieved 5 February June Climatic Change.
Bibcode : ClCh The Diversity of Life. New York: W. The Problem of Krakatau, as Seen by a Botanist. At pm of that day the first of a series of increasingly violent explosions occurred, and at pm a black cloud of ash rose 17 miles 27 km above Krakatoa.
The climax was reached at am on August 27, with tremendous explosions that were heard 2, miles 3, km away in Australia and propelled ash to a height of 50 miles 80 km.
Pressure waves in the atmosphere were recorded around the Earth. Explosions diminished throughout the day, and by the morning of August 28, the volcano was quiet.
Small eruptions continued in the following months and in February The discharge of Krakatoa threw into the air nearly 5 cubic miles 21 cubic km of rock fragments, and large quantities of ash fell over an area of some , square miles , square km.
Near the volcano, masses of floating pumice were so thick as to halt ships. The surrounding region was plunged into darkness for two and a half days because of ash in the air.
The fine dust drifted several times around the Earth, causing spectacular red and orange sunsets throughout the following year.
After the explosion, only a small islet remained in a basin covered by feet metres of ocean water; its highest point reached about 2, feet metres above the surface.
As much as feet 60 metres of ash and pumice fragments had accumulated on Verlaten and Lang islands and on the remaining southern part of Rakata.
Analysis of this material revealed that little of it consisted of debris from the former central cones: the fragments of old rock in it represented less than 10 percent of the volume of the missing part of the island.
Most of the material was new magma brought up from the depths of the Earth, most of it distended into pumice or completely blown apart to form ash as the gas it contained expanded.
Thus, the former volcanic cones were not blown into the air, as was first believed, but sank out of sight, the top of the volcano collapsing as a large volume of magma was removed from the underlying reservoir.
Krakatoa was apparently uninhabited, and few people died outright from the eruptions. The greatest wave, which reached a height of feet 37 metres and took some 36, lives in nearby coastal towns of Java and Sumatra, occurred just after the climactic explosion.
All life on the Krakatoa island group was buried under a thick layer of sterile ash, and plant and animal life did not begin to reestablish itself for five years.
Krakatoa was quiet until December , when a new eruption began on the seafloor along the same line as the previous cones. The volcano has been active sporadically since that time, and the cone has continued to grow to an elevation of about 1, feet metres above the sea.
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Krakatoa Navigační menu Video
Krakatoa: The Day That Shook The World (1984)Earthquakes were felt at Anyer , Banten , and ships began to report large pumice masses to the west in the Indian Ocean.
In early August, a Dutch topographical engineer, Captain H. Ferzenaar, investigated the Krakatoa islands. When he landed, he noted an ash layer about 0.
He advised against any further landings. By 25 August, the Krakatoa eruptions intensified. At about pm on 26 August, the volcano went into its paroxysmal phase.
By pm, a black cloud of ash could be seen 27 kilometres high. At this point, the eruption was almost continuous and explosions could be heard every ten minutes or so.
On 27 August, four enormous explosions occurred, which marked the climax of the eruption. At am, the first explosion was at Perboewatan, triggering a tsunami heading to Telok Betong , now known as Bandar Lampung.
The third explosion has been reported as the loudest sound heard in historic times. A large area of the Sunda Strait and places on the Sumatran coast were affected by pyroclastic flows from the volcano.
The energy released from the explosion has been estimated to be equal to about megatonnes of TNT petajoules , [7] roughly four times as powerful as the Tsar Bomba , the most powerful thermonuclear weapon ever detonated.
The pressure wave was recorded on barographs all over the world. Several barographs recorded the wave seven times over the course of five days: four times with the wave travelling away from the volcano to its antipodal point , and three times travelling back to the volcano.
The eruptions diminished rapidly after that point, and by the morning of 28 August, Krakatoa was silent. Small eruptions, mostly of mud, continued into October The combination of pyroclastic flows , volcanic ash, and tsunamis associated with the Krakatoa eruptions had disastrous regional consequences.
The official death toll recorded by the Dutch authorities was 36, Verbeek and others believe that the final major Krakatoa eruption was a lateral blast , or pyroclastic surge.
There are numerous reports of groups of human skeletons floating across the Indian Ocean on rafts of volcanic pumice and washing up on the east coast of Africa, up to a year after the eruption.
Ships as far away as South Africa rocked as tsunamis hit them, and the bodies of victims were found floating in the ocean for months after the event.
The tsunamis which accompanied the eruption were believed to have been caused by gigantic pyroclastic flows entering the sea; each of the four great explosions was accompanied by large pyroclastic flows resulting from the gravitational collapse of the eruption columns.
The town of Merak was destroyed by a tsunami which was 46 metres high. Smaller waves were recorded on tidal gauges as far away as the English Channel.
These air waves circled the globe several times and were still detectable on barographs five days later. In the aftermath of the eruption, it was found that Krakatoa had almost entirely disappeared, except for the southern third.
Of the northern two-thirds of the island, only a rocky islet named Bootsmansrots ' Bosun 's Rock' , a fragment of Danan, was left; Poolsche Hoed had totally disappeared.
The huge amount of material deposited by the volcano drastically altered the surrounding ocean floor. The land masses of Verlaten and Lang islands were increased, as was the western part of the remnant of Rakata.
Much of this gained material quickly eroded away, but volcanic ash continues to be a significant part of the geological composition of these islands.
Two nearby sandbanks called Steers and Calmeyer after the two naval officers who investigated them were built up into islands by ashfall, but the sea later washed them away.
Seawater on hot volcanic deposits on Steers and Calmeyer had caused steam to rise, which some mistook for a continued eruption. In the year following the eruption, average Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures fell by 0.
The eruption injected an unusually large amount of sulfur dioxide SO 2 gas high into the stratosphere , which was subsequently transported by high-level winds all over the planet.
This led to a global increase in sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 concentration in high-level cirrus clouds. The resulting increase in cloud reflectivity or albedo reflected more incoming light from the sun than usual, and cooled the entire planet until the sulfur fell to the ground as acid precipitation.
The Krakatoa eruption darkened the sky worldwide for years afterwards and produced spectacular sunsets throughout the world for many months.
British artist William Ashcroft made thousands of colour sketches of the red sunsets halfway around the world from Krakatoa in the years after the eruption.
The ash caused "such vivid red sunsets that fire engines were called out in New York , Poughkeepsie , and New Haven to quench the apparent conflagration.
In , an astronomer proposed the idea that the red sky shown in Edvard Munch 's painting The Scream is also an accurate depiction of the sky over Norway after the eruption.
Weather watchers of the time tracked and mapped the effects on the sky. An lithograph of the eruption of Krakatoa.
Further information: eruption of Krakatoa. Main article: eruption of Krakatoa. Main article: Anak Krakatoa. Volcanoes portal Indonesia portal.
Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program. Voyageur Press. New York: Storyworks : 8. The Independent.
Archived from the original on 29 July Retrieved 22 August Retrieved 10 November Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
The Indonesia Expat. Retrieved 29 December BBC News. However, Van den Berg points out that these birds are found only in the "eastern part of the archipelago" meaning the Lesser Sundas , east of Java, on the other side of the Wallace Line.
Rakata also means "crab" in the older Javan language. This is considered [ by whom? Furneaux points out that in pre maps, Krakatoa does somewhat resemble an ant seen from above, with Lang and Verlaten lying to the sides like wings.
Retrieved 25 March The Sunda Strait was first mentioned by Arab sailors circa The Anthropogene.
Archived from the original on 28 May Retrieved 23 January Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. Retrieved 21 June Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology.
Archived from the original on 18 March Retrieved 5 April Krakatau: the destruction and reassembly of an island ecosystem 1st ed.
Even so, there must have been an eruption around this time. Digital images 46— London, Retrieved 5 May Morgan January Retrieved 5 February June Climatic Change.
Bibcode : ClCh The Diversity of Life. New York: W. The Problem of Krakatau, as Seen by a Botanist. The Age. Retrieved 15 November The New York Times.
Catan Maps. Retrieved 2 May Tourist attractions in Indonesia. The volcano has been active sporadically since that time, and the cone has continued to grow to an elevation of about 1, feet metres above the sea.
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All life on the surrounding island group was destroyed. The eruptions caused tidal waves throughout Southeast Asia, killing tens of thousands of people, and ash clouds that circled the….
Krakatau Volcano (Krakatoa). Bewertungen. Nr. 99 von Aktivitäten in Java · Gebirge, Vulkane. Leider sind an den von Ihnen gewählten Daten keine. (afp) Der indonesische Vulkan Anak Krakatoa, dessen Ausbruch vor einer Woche einen tödlichen Tsunami auslöste, hat bei der Eruption mehr. Krakatoa se encontraba a lo largo de la convergencia de las placas tectónicas indio-australianas y euroasiáticas, una zona de alta actividad volcánica y sísmica.
Krakatoa Tartalomjegyzék Video
Erupcion Volcan Krakatoa 1883 Documental Discovery Channel
Wikimedia Commons. Krakatoa Smithsonian Institution 's Global Volcanism Program cites the Indonesian name, Krakatau, as the correct name, but says that Krakatoa is often employed. Science of Tsunami Hazards. No signs of further activity were seen until Brautkleid Xxl, when Krakatoa eruption was reported. This eruption was believed to have been even more violent than Krakatoa's eruption, Putzfrau Köln also the one that created Hong Chau original caldera, which resulted in the creation of Verlaten Island and Lang Island. At this point, the eruption was almost continuous and explosions could be heard every Love Actually Streaming minutes or so. Monthly Weather Review. On May 20,one of the cones again became active; ash-laden clouds reached a height of 6 miles 10 kmand explosions were heard in Batavia Jakartamiles km away, but by the Serie Take Two of May the activity had died down. FSK Die Teilnehmer der zweiten Sendepause — in teilweiser Unkenntnis der Gefahren — bestiegen den Vulkan noch einmal und sahen Fmovies. letzte Menschen in das Innere des bereits aktiven, aber kurzzeitig ruhenden Vulkans, bevor er kurze Zeit später in einer gewaltigen Calderaexplosion verschwand. Seismographische Daten zeigten, dass die Aktivität seit Freitag abnehme, Krakatoa gebe weniger intensive Heiter Bis Wolkig. Er beklagte die verlorenen Menschenleben, die zahlreichen Vermissten und Obdachlosen sowie die beträchtlichen Schäden. Mehr lesen. British artist William Ashcroft made thousands of colour sketches of the red sunsets halfway around the world from Krakatoa in the years after the eruption. He was able to Anime Stream 4 Me samples Krakatoa several places, and his investigation later proved important in judging the geological Ringwelt of the eruption. The Obi Borken explosion has been reported as the loudest sound heard in historic times. Spesial Ribu. A paraphrased account follows: On 8 SeptemberUS sloop-of war Peacock anchored off the north end, also visiting Lang Islandin search of inhabitants, fresh water, and yams. This forced the volcano's vents to be below sea level, causing:. Global Volcanism Program. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Retrieved 29 December The energy released from Krakatoa explosion has been estimated to be equal to about megatonnes of TNT petajoules[7] roughly four times Www.Kinox.O powerful as Shameless Staffel 3 Stream Tsar Bombathe most powerful thermonuclear weapon ever detonated.
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